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I agree. Home Submit Manuscript My Account. Advanced Search. Register Login. Submission method Manuscripts may be submitted only by using the online submission system accessible via our website.
Cover letter Summarize briefly the important points of the submitted work including a brief description of the study to be submitted, that it is an original study presenting novel work, that it has not been previously submitted to or accepted by any other journal, that is has been approved by all authors, that ethics approval and written informed consent have been obtained, and explain whether any author has a conflict of interest.
Format of articles and reviews 3. Font size Spacing 1. Alignment Justified. Use a single tab on the first line of each new paragraph. Do not use page breaks or multiple returns between sections one section should directly follow the previous one on the page.
Do not insert page numbers or line numbers. Sub-titles and general headings should be presented in lower case letters not capitals. Use British English or American English spellings throughout your manuscript, but not both. No abbreviations other than gene names or in common use.
Full names and full postal addresses, but not including street names, of all authors and ORCID if desired. Affiliations of the authors indicated by numbers not symbols. Equal contribution, if applicable, indicated by asterisk.
Name, full postal address, including street number and name, and e-mail address of the corresponding author s. Abbreviations, if relevant. Key words 5 — Manuscripts reporting experimental results must be divided into the following sections: Abstract. Abbreviations that appear once only, should be defined in full, with the exception of gene names. If abbreviations appear more than once, the definition should be provided once, and then subsequently used throughout the Abstract.
The information in this section should always be referenced. Materials and methods This section should include sufficient technical information to allow the experiments to be repeated. For each experiment, all steps e. For steps performed with commercialized kits, provide the full name of the kit, along with the full name of the supplier, and state whether the protocol of the manufacturer was followed or explain any modifications made to the standard protocol.
Carefully review your text to ensure that the type of PCR, quantitative or semi-quantitative, is clearly explained. Methods , Please also state the temperature and duration of incubation.
For centrifugation steps, provide centrifugal force units in x g rather than revolutions per minute rpm. For bioinformatic analyses: state the software used along with the relevant citation, unless the software is not published, in which case a website link can be provided. The use of software should be described with regards to the parameters default, study-specific and the applied thresholds; please explicitly name the parameters, e.
For all software analysis of data from public databases, cite the database along with date of access for databases as these are constantly updated , and species e.
For publically available sequences, provide the accession number. For tissues, explain how these were collected, handled and stored, and where they were from. For bacterial strains or cells, provide the name and supplier. For studies on humans, a minimum of information is required: number of subjects, age range, gender ratio, health status, matching between controls and disease patients with regards to the above parameters.
For manuscripts presenting studies on humans and animals, see 3. For statistical analyses: when statistical analyses have been performed, the following information should be provided: the name of the statistical test used, the n number for each analysis, the comparisons of interest, the alpha level and the actual P-value for each test.
It should be clear which statistical test was used to generate every P-value. Significance indicators should be used on graphs and tables, and should be described in the figure or table legend, clearly indicating which groups are being compared. Please note that Figure legends are not expected to contain information already described in Materials and methods, except for image-specific information, for example, for microscopy, mention the type of image, e.
The x- and y-axes of the graphs must be clearly explained in the legends, and when P-values are provided to indicate probability, the comparison to which these P-values refer must be clearly stated. If cell lines are used, authors are strongly encouraged to include the following information in the materials and methods section of their manuscript: i Confirm that mycoplasma testing has been done for the cell lines used; ii confirm that the cell lines used have been authenticated and state what method was used for the authentication; and iii provide the source, supplier and, if available, catalogue number of all specific cell lines used in the study.
The authors are strongly encouraged to submit a detailed methodology stating the maintenance and culture of cell lines according to international guidelines on good cell culture practice fundamental techniques , mycoplasma contamination , passage number , etc. Furthermore, information regarding misidentified or cross-contaminated cell lines must be provided and cross-checked from the International Cell Line Authentication Committee and ExPASy Cellosaurus databases in order to exclude their contamination with other cell lines or their incorrect identification.
Results Discussion Acknowledgements Funding Availability of data and materials Authors' contributions Ethics approval and consent to participate Patient consent for publication Competing interests Authors' information optional References Footnotes should not be used.
For Review articles: Abstract. May have different sections and sub-headings according to the subject matter. The main headings of the review should be summarized as a numbered Contents section immediately following the Abstract. If brightness, contrast or colour balance is altered, the change should apply to the entire image shown and not a selected part. For images from gels or filters, ensure that details are not lost from bright areas or obscured in dark areas.
No feature of a data image should be selectively enhanced, obscured, removed or added. If a composite image shows gels or blots with tracks from groups of samples analysed separately or from different exposures then make the grouping obvious using black or white lines and explain this in the figure legend. The boundaries of individual panels of a tiled image should be marked. In the Methods or individual figure legends outline the changes you made to images and how. Light microscopy of a frozen section of a lesion stained with toluidine blue.
Original magnification x JPEG only if originally saved at the highest quality. CMYK mode is also acceptable. Fluorescence images must be submitted for publication in color. Black and white figures and line art: grey scale mode or RGB mode. Combination figures with colour images and line art: RGB mode. There is a charge of Euro per each published page containing color. Changing color figures to black and white following evaluation is NOT possible.
Images should therefore be cropped cut as close to the outside edges of the figure as possible. If a figure is too wide or contains too much information to be fit within 17 cm while keeping details clearly visible, figures must be divided into several clearly labeled separate parts. Images must be clear, of good contrast and legible at the size they are to appear in the journal. Scanning use a good quality scanner set to scan in RGB for color images or grey scale for line art or to scan gel images, at a resolution of at least dpi and with the output file type set preferably to TIFF, or JPG highest quality lowest compression.
Exporting When exporting from scientific graphing software, choose settings to ensure the highest possible final size and resolution with lines of sufficient thickness to be seen at final printed size. Note: figures initially scanned, photographed or exported at an insufficient size and resolution cannot be improved by upscaling, i.
Using image-editing software to keep the figure size the same while raising the dpi will NOT improve its quality. To reduce the file size of images: Ensure figures are the exact width and height they should be for publication not smaller , make sure the figures are saved at no more than dpi.
Ensure that layers in the image have been flattened. Save black and white figures as grey scale. Consider saving files as highest quality JPEGs. Try using a compression or stuffing utility, such as WinZip or StuffIt. If the figure is saved at a size larger than that needed for printing, the font size of labels must also be larger to maintain the correct proportions.
The labels should be of the same font and size in all figures. Also, the numbering should be of the same font and size in all figures. Labels should be evenly spaced and aligned, easy to see including exponential numbers around figure axes , and NOT faded, broken, or distorted by JPG compression artifact. Do NOT use light grey color lines or labels.
There must be strong contrast between labels and their background e. Whenever possible, labels should be placed in black font on a white background. Consider using a black label with a white stroke applied to create contrast. Letters of labels must NOT be overlapping, condensed, expanded, have unnecessary gaps between them or be otherwise irregularly spaced, and must NOT be stretched distorted horizontally or vertically. Labels must NOT overlap or be concealed by other parts of the image, or be cropped cut off by the edge of the figure.
The first letter of each phrase, NOT each word, must be capitalized [e. Always use a leading zero 0 before decimal points: 0. NOT a comma ,. Figures may be divided into separate sections. Each section may be saved as a separate file clearly indicated in file name or included together in one file with parts clearly labeled. Figure sections may be divided and subdivided as follows: A, B, C A a,b,c; B a,b,c; C a,b,c A a-1, a-2, b-1, b-2; B, a-1, a-2, b-1, b-2 The number of the figure must NOT be included in the image, especially if placed on the overlapping part of the image.
Instead, the file itself should be named using the figure number. Grey backgrounds or backgrounds of any other color are NOT acceptable. White space surrounding figures should be cropped so that the image is as close to the edges of the page as possible. Figures and specific sections of figures should NOT be surrounded by borders frames.
Figures should NOT be stretched out of proportion distorted horizontally or vertically. Yellow must NOT be used for lines in diagrams. Any darker color may be used instead. Line art should be dark, and lines and labeling thick enough to be clearly visible, even at small sizes.
Charts, graphs and diagrams should NOT use more than 5 shades of grey. Patterns are acceptable. In charts, graphs and diagrams, unnecessary colors should be avoided e. You must acknowledge the original source and submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce the material where necessary. As an author of your manuscript, you are responsible for obtaining permissions to use material owned by others. Figure legends must begin with a brief title for the whole figure and continue with a short description of each panel or part.
All symbols eg. All error bars must be defined in the figure legend. Legends should not contain any details of the methods. Times New Roman. Label using Roman numerals, i. Table I, Table II, etc. Include a short title. All symbols and abbreviations should be defined immediately below the table.
Use standard abbreviations where possible. Use the generic name of any drug unless making claims about a specific brand or formulation. New abbreviations must be defined at first usage. Chemical identity Chemical identity for organic and organometallic compounds should be established through spectroscopic analysis.
Combinatorial compound libraries Standard characterization data for a diverse panel of library components should be included in manuscripts describing the preparation of combinatorial libraries.
Biomolecular identity If direct structural analysis of new biopolymeric materials e. Biological constructs Authors should be able to provide sequencing or functional data that validates the identity of their biological constructs plasmids, fusion proteins, site-directed mutants upon request.
Sample purity Evidence of sample purity must be shown for each new compound. Spectral data Detailed spectral data for new compounds should be provided in the Materials and methods section. Crystallographic data for small molecules Authors reporting new structures of small molecules from crystallographic analysis must be able to provide a standard crystallographic information file. Macromolecular structural data Manuscripts reporting new structures should contain a table summarizing structural and refinement statistics, and the different programs used in the analysis should be mentioned and referenced.
Chemical structures Structures of compounds should be prepared using a drawing program, such as ChemDraw. Bold width: 2. Line width: 0. Margin width: 1. Hash spacing: 2. Based on our particular style, the first 9 authors will be listed as they appear. When more than 10 authors are listed, Edifix will automatically include only the first 10 authors, followed by et al. National Library of Medicine Catalog online. References must be numbered consecutively in the order mentioned.
Do NOT use full stop after initials or abbreviations. In the text, cite references by number in parentheses e. Inclusive page numbers should be given.
The following are examples of order and style, which should be strictly adhered to: Spandidos DA and Wilkie NM: Malignant transformation of early passage rodent cells by a single mutated human oncogene. Nature , Nucleic Acids Res DD, Mol Med Rep , In: Ras oncogenes. Spandidos DA ed.
Plenum Publ. Personal communications should be avoided. Manuscripts in preparation or submitted but not yet accepted and abstracts, may be cited in the text, but should NOT be included in the list of references.
Non-English references should not be included in the Reference list. The entire manuscript cited must be in English. Availability of data and materials Submission of a manuscript to Spandidos Publications implies that the materials included in the manuscript, including all relevant raw data, may be made freely available to any researchers who wish to use them for non-commercial purposes, while preserving any necessary confidentiality and anonymity.
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Data sharing is not applicable to this article, as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. Not applicable. If your manuscript does not contain any data, please state 'Not applicable' in this section. Patient consent for publication Patients have a right to privacy that should not be violated without informed consent. Competing interests Authors, reviewers and editors must declare whether there are any competing interests with regard to the publication of a study.
Authors' information optional This section is optional. F or environmental reasons, I want to be a better consumer. Buy less, buy better. While there are recommendations galore available online, my strongest suspicion is that barely any can be considered reliable.
I need some new walking shoes, and a well-known search engine instantly furnishes me with a long list of websites on which there are relatively short lists of the best walking boots. After all, the time and money involved in conducting any meaningful test must be massive.
So what do you do? Other than that, just cross your fingers. Yes, the web might find us the best price, but the best buy is another matter. They turned out to be only one of those three things.
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